Mental Reasoning 9- Statement and Conclusion practice Set and Step-by-Step Solutions for Competitive Exams SSC, BSSC, Bank, Railways
Mental Reasoning Practice Set: Statement And Conclusion
Type-1: Direct Logical Connection (Easy Level)
Q1.
Statement: All flowers are plants.
Conclusion:
I. All plants are flowers.
II. Some plants are flowers.
Solution:
✅ Explanation:
From the statement, “All flowers are plants,” → every flower belongs to the category of plants.
Hence, “Some plants are flowers” is true, but “All plants are flowers” is not.
✅ Answer: Only Conclusion II follows.
🪷 केवल निष्कर्ष II सही है।
Q2.
Statement: All cars are vehicles.
Conclusion:
I. All vehicles are cars.
II. Some vehicles are cars.
✅ Answer: Only Conclusion II follows.
🛞 केवल निष्कर्ष II सही है।
Type-2: Negative & Complementary Statements
Q3.
Statement: No dog is a cat.
Conclusion:
I. No cat is a dog.
II. Some cats are dogs.
✅ Explanation:
“No dog is a cat” → directly implies “No cat is a dog.”
Hence, only I follows.
✅ Answer: Only I follows.
🐾 केवल निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Q4.
Statement: No student is lazy.
Conclusion:
I. All lazy persons are students.
II. No lazy person is a student.
✅ Answer: Only Conclusion II follows.
📘 केवल निष्कर्ष II सही है।
Type-3: “Some” Relationships
Q5.
Statement: Some boys are athletes.
Conclusion:
I. Some athletes are boys.
II. All boys are athletes.
✅ Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
🏃 केवल निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Type-4: Either–Or Type
Q6.
Statement: Some pens are pencils.
Conclusion:
I. No pencil is a pen.
II. All pencils are pens.
✅ Explanation:
Both conclusions are false individually but complementary → one must be true.
✅ Answer: Either I or II follows.
✏️ या तो I या II सही है।
Type-5: “Possibility” Based
Q7.
Statement: All books are papers.
Conclusion:
I. All papers being books is a possibility.
✅ Answer: Conclusion I follows (Possibility is true).
📚 निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Type-6: Real-Life Logic Type
Q8.
Statement: Hard work always brings success.
Conclusion:
I. Those who succeed always work hard.
✅ Explanation:
Statement doesn’t guarantee reverse condition.
✅ Answer: Conclusion does not follow.
💪 निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलता।
Type-7: Cause & Effect Based
Q9.
Statement: Prices of petrol have increased sharply.
Conclusion:
I. Transport cost will also increase.
✅ Answer: Conclusion I follows (Logical cause-effect link).
⛽ निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Type-8: Assumption-based Statements
Q10.
Statement: The government should increase funding for education.
Conclusion:
I. Education requires more financial support.
✅ Answer: Conclusion I follows.
🎓 निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Type-9: Comparative / Analytical
Q11.
Statement: Iron is stronger than plastic.
Conclusion:
I. Plastic is not stronger than iron.
✅ Answer: Conclusion I follows.
🔩 निष्कर्ष I सही है।
Type-10: Mixed/Complex (High Level)
Q12.
Statements:
- All A are B.
- Some B are C.
Conclusions:
I. Some A are C.
II. Some C are A.
✅ Explanation:
No definite link → can’t be concluded.
✅ Answer: Neither follows.
🔷 कोई भी निष्कर्ष सही नहीं है।
Q13.
Statements:
- All stars are moons.
- No moon is planet.
Conclusions:
I. No star is planet.
✅ Answer: Follows.
🌙 निष्कर्ष सही है।
Q14.
Statements:
- Some teachers are doctors.
- Some doctors are engineers.
Conclusions:
I. Some teachers are engineers.
✅ Answer: Does not follow (no direct link).
📘 निष्कर्ष गलत है।
Q15.
Statements:
- All A are B.
- All B are C.
Conclusions:
I. All A are C.
✅ Answer: Follows.
🧩 निष्कर्ष सही है।
16 (Moderate — Two mixed statements: All & Some)
Statements:
- All painters are artists.
- Some artists are writers.
Conclusions:
I. Some painters are writers.
II. Some writers are painters.
Solution:
- From (1): Painters ⊂ Artists.
- From (2): Some Artists overlap with Writers.
- This overlap may or may not include Painters. So we cannot be sure that any painter is also a writer.
- However, it is possible that some writers are painters only if the overlap includes painters — but not definite.
Answer: Neither I nor II follows.
Hindi: कलाकारों और चित्रकारों का ओवरलैप लेखक से जुड़ा हो भी सकता है, पर निश्चित नहीं — कोई निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलता।
Q17 (Moderate — No + Some)
Statements:
- No flower is a weed.
- Some weeds are herbs.
Conclusions:
I. Some herbs are not flowers.
II. No herb is a flower.
Solution:
- From (2): Some Weeds ⊂ Herbs (partial). From (1): No Flower = Weed. So those weeds (which are herbs) are not flowers.
- Thus “Some herbs are not flowers” is true.
- But “No herb is a flower” is too strong — there could be herbs that are flowers.
Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
Hindi: कुछ जड़ी-बूटियाँ खरपतवार हैं और खरपतवार फूल नहीं होते → कुछ जड़ी-बूटियाँ फूल नहीं हैं।
Q18 (Moderate — Either/Or pattern)
Statement: Some A are B. Some B are C.
Conclusions:
I. Some A are C.
II. Some C are A.
Solution:
- With only “some” overlaps, we cannot be sure whether the A–B overlap overlaps with the B–C overlap. So a direct A–C overlap is not certain.
- But either (I) or (II) could be true in particular cases — exam convention: when both conclusions are simply converses and not definitely true, answer = Neither normally. However there is a special answer “Either I or II follows” only when statements make exactly complementary conclusions. Here neither follows definitively.
Answer: Neither I nor II follows.
Hindi: केवल ‘कुछ’ कहने से A और C के बीच कोई निश्चित संबंध नहीं बनता — कोई निष्कर्ष निश्चित नहीं।
Q19 (Moderate — Coded Statements / Symbolic)
Coding: Let @ mean “is mother of”, # mean “is sister of”.
Statement: X @ Y # Z.
Conclusion: I. X is mother of Z. II. Z is sister of Y.
Solution:
- X @ Y = X is mother of Y. Y # Z = Y is sister of Z → So Z is sibling of Y (sister or brother). From Y is sister of Z, we know Z is sibling; but Y being sister of Z gives Z could be brother or sister; however the relation “Z is sister of Y” is not implied.
- X is mother of Y; that alone doesn’t tell relation between X and Z (could be mother of Z if Z is sibling of Y and mother is mother of both). But siblings can share same mother, so X could be mother of Z — possible but not certain.
Answer: Neither I nor II follows.
Hindi: दिए गए संकेत से X-Z का नाता निश्चित नहीं और Z का लिंग (sister) भी निश्चित नहीं।
Q20 (Moderate — Possibility / “May” type)
Statement: Increase in taxes may reduce consumer spending.
Conclusions:
I. Consumer spending will reduce.
II. Consumer spending may reduce.
Solution:
- Statement uses “may” (possibility). So definite reduction (I) does not follow, but possibility (II) follows.
Answer: Only Conclusion II follows.
Hindi: “हो सकता है” कहने पर केवल संभावना निकलती है, निश्चित नहीं।
Q21 (High — All / No mix with transitive logic)
Statements:
- All doctors are professionals.
- No professional is dishonest.
Conclusions:
I. No doctor is dishonest.
II. All dishonest persons are not doctors.
Solution:
- From (1) & (2): Doctors ⊂ Professionals and Professionals ∩ Dishonest = ∅ → therefore Doctors ∩ Dishonest = ∅. So I follows.
- II says “All dishonest persons are not doctors” — equivalent to “No dishonest person is a doctor”, which is same as I and therefore also follows.
Answer: Both I and II follow.
Hindi: डॉक्टर पेशेवर होते हैं और पेशेवर बेईमान नहीं होते → कोई डॉक्टर बेईमान नहीं है; इसलिए दोनों निष्कर्ष सही।
Q22 (High — “Some not” inference)
Statements:
- Some students are smokers.
- No smoker is healthy.
Conclusions:
I. Some students are not healthy.
II. All students are unhealthy.
Solution:
- From (1): there exist students who are smokers. From (2): smokers are not healthy → those students (smokers) are not healthy. So I follows.
- II is too broad; not all students are necessarily smokers.
Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
Hindi: कुछ छात्र धूम्रपान करते हैं और धूम्रपान से स्वास्थ्य खराब → कुछ छात्र अस्वस्थ हैं।
Q23 (High — Chain with equality and inequality)
Statements:
- A = B
- B > C ≥ D
Conclusions:
I. A > D
II. D < A
Solution:
- From A = B and B > C ≥ D → B > D, hence A > D. So I follows.
- D < A is same as A > D, so II follows as well.
Answer: Both follow.
Hindi: A = B और B > D होने से A > D — दोनों निष्कर्ष सत्य।
Q24 (High — “No” + “Some” leading to “Some not”)
Statements:
- No A is B.
- Some B are C.
Conclusions:
I. Some C are not A.
II. No C is A.
Solution:
- From (2): Some B are C. Since no A is B, those particular B (which are C) are not A → so some C are not A follows.
- II (“No C is A”) is too strong — only some C are not A; others might be A (not possible here because if some B are C and no A is B, A could still be C through other means). So II does not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
Hindi: कुछ B C हैं और B में A नहीं आते → कुछ C निश्चित रूप से A नहीं हैं।
Q25 (High — Either/Or with complementary conclusions)
Statement: All roses are flowers.
Conclusions:
I. Some flowers are roses.
II. No flower is a rose.
Solution:
- From “All roses are flowers” it follows that at least the roses are flowers → therefore “Some flowers are roses” is true (unless there are zero roses, but standard logic assumes existence unless told otherwise; in competitive exam convention, “All A are B” implies possibility of some A).
- II contradicts statement.
Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
Hindi: सभी गुलाब फूल हैं → कम से कम कुछ फूल गुलाब हैं; इसलिए I सही।
Q26 (Advanced — Multiple statements with negation)
Statements:
- Some X are Y.
- No Y is Z.
- All Z are W.
Conclusions:
I. Some X are not W.
II. No X is Z.
Solution:
- From (2): Y ∩ Z = ∅. From (1): Some X ∩ Y ≠ ∅, those X (which are Y) cannot be Z. So those particular X are not Z. From (3): All Z are W, but that does not affect X directly.
- Therefore II: “No X is Z” — not necessarily, because some X could be non-Y and still be Z. So II does not follow.
- I: “Some X are not W” — the X that are Y are not Z; but not being Z does not necessarily mean not W (since some non-Z can be W or not). So I does not necessarily follow. Example counter: X1 is Y (and not Z), but could still be W; nothing guarantees X not W. Hence neither follows.
Answer: Neither follows.
Hindi: दिए गए तीन कथनों से न तो कुछ X के W न होने की गारंटी है, न सभी X का Z न होना तय है — कोई निष्कर्ष नहीं।
Q27 (Advanced — Syllogism with existence / “Some” nuance)
Statements:
- All P are Q.
- Some Q are R.
- No R is S.
Conclusions:
I. Some P are R.
II. Some S are not P.
Solution:
- From 1 and 2: All P ⊂ Q and some Q overlap R. But that overlap might not include any P. So I is not definite.
- From 3: R ∩ S = ∅. From (2) some Q are R, so those Q are not S. But that does not say anything about S vs P. II is not definite.
Answer: Neither follows.
Hindi: Q में R का overlap P में भी हो सकता है या नहीं — कोई निश्चित निष्कर्ष नहीं।
Q28 (Advanced — Cause & Effect / Practical logic)
Statement: Due to excessive rainfall, the river overflowed and low-lying areas were flooded.
Conclusions:
I. Low-lying areas may face loss of crops.
II. River overflow always causes floods.
Solution:
- (I) is a reasonable and direct consequence — follows as a possibility. In exam logic, “may face loss” is acceptable.
- (II) is too absolute — overflow may not always cause floods if embankments hold, etc. So II does not follow necessarily.
Answer: Only Conclusion I follows.
Hindi: भारी बारिश से नदी भरने पर फसलों की हानि की संभावना है; पर “हमेशा” जैसा निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलेगा।
Q29 (Advanced — Multiple conclusions, some equivalent)
Statements:
- Some U are V.
- All V are W.
Conclusions:
I. Some W are U.
II. Some U are W.
Solution:
- From 1 and 2: the “some U” that are V are also W → those are W and U simultaneously. So both I and II essentially state the same fact: some elements are in both sets U and W. Both follow.
Answer: Both conclusions follow.
Hindi: कुछ U V हैं और सभी V W हैं → उन U का हिस्सा W भी है — दोनों निष्कर्ष सही।
Q30 (Advanced)
Statements:
- No A is B.
- Some B are C.
- Some C are D.
Conclusions:
I. Some D are not A.
II. No D is A.
Solution:
- From (1) and (2): those B that are C are not A (since no A is B). So some C (the ones that are B) are not A. From (3): some C are D — but whether the particular C that are D are the same C that are B is not certain. There are two possibilities: (a) the C that are D are same as C that are B → then those D are not A; (b) they are different C → no info about D vs A. So I is possible but not definite. II is too strong. Therefore neither follows.
Answer: Neither follows.
Hindi: B और C का जो overlap है, वह D के overlap में हो भी सकता है और नहीं भी — इसलिए कोई निश्चित निष्कर्ष नहीं।
Final Tips
- Use Venn diagrams for overlapping (All/Some/No) patterns.
- For “Some” statements, remember existence is not guaranteed unless explicitly given.
- “All A are B” does not imply “All B are A” — non-reversible.
- In Either–Or cases be cautious — only choose it when both conclusions cannot be true together but each is possible.
- For cause–effect and possibility words (may/can/might), prefer the weaker conclusion (may/possible), not the absolute.
हिंदी सारांश:
- वेन डायग्राम से सबसे तेज़ और स्पष्ट जवाब मिलता है।
- ‘All’ सार्वभौमिक, ‘Some’ पार्श्विक — उल्टा निष्कर्ष न निकालें।
- “May/Can” इस तरह के शब्दों पर केवल संभावना स्वीकारें, निश्चितता नहीं।