New Defence Acquisitions & Modernisation (India | 2021–2026) Introduction Over the last five years (2021–2026), India has undertaken an unprecedented defence acquisitions and modernisation drive to address evolving security challenges, particularly along its northern and western borders and across the Indian Ocean Region. Defence capital outlay reached ₹1,82,492 crore in FY 2026, while cumulative capital … Read more
Indigenous Equipment of India: Complete List with Timeline for competitive exams in 2026 Indigenous Equipment of India in Defence Sector India’s Indigenous Defence Manufacturing — Tejas, Arjun, UAVsOverview: Over the past decade India has moved from a largely import-dependent defence posture toward a deliberate push for indigenous design, production and a defence ecosystem under “Make … Read more
US Strikes Venezuela(2026), Captures President Nicolás Maduro: Implications for International Law, Regional Stability and India Breaking News on January 4, 2025 In a dramatic escalation, the United States carried out large-scale military strikes on Venezuela, captured President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, and flew them to the US to face criminal charges, triggering a major … Read more
Iran Protests 2025 Explained: Internal Crisis, US Role, Gulf Implications and Impact on India in Hindi. This is specific to Hindi understanding students relevant to Competitive exams Iran Protests 2025 ईरान में वर्तमान विरोध-प्रदर्शन: कारण, स्थिति और भू-राजनीतिक प्रभाव I. पृष्ठभूमि: ईरान में बार-बार विरोध क्यों? ईरान में 2024–25 के दौरान विरोध-प्रदर्शन फिर तेज़ हुए … Read more
“Iran Protest Movement 2025: Domestic Fault Lines, External Pressures and Regional Consequences” It is in the series of Current Issues in the world around. Iran Protest Movement 2025 I. Background: Why Iran is Experiencing Recurrent Protests Iran has witnessed cyclical waves of protests over the past decade, intensifying again in 2024–25, driven by a mix … Read more
Can Diplomacy End the Russia-Ukraine War ? Timelines of Talks to Tensions 2022-25. Russia-Ukraine War-Timeline of Talks and Diplomacy 1. February–March 2022: Initial Belarus Peace Talks Location: Belarus (near Ukrainian border)Participants: Russia & Ukraine delegationsTimeline: 28 Feb – 3 March 2022 Key Points: Outcome:❌ No ceasefire achieved✔ Limited humanitarian corridors established 2. March 2022: Istanbul … Read more
Russia Ukraine War 2022 India’s Position and Diplomatic Balancing 1. India’s Core Position- Russia Ukraine war 2022 India has adopted a strategic neutrality in the Russia–Ukraine conflict, guided by its long-standing principles of: India has consistently called for dialogue, diplomacy, and respect for international law, without openly siding with either Russia or the Western bloc. … Read more
Russia Ukraine War 2022–2025: Timeline, Causes, and Future Scenarios in Hindi Russia Ukraine War 2022–2025 रूस–यूक्रेन युद्ध: पृष्ठभूमि, कारण और वर्तमान स्थिति 1. परिचय रूस–यूक्रेन युद्ध 21वीं सदी के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भू-राजनीतिक संघर्षों में से एक है। इस युद्ध ने वैश्विक राजनीति, सुरक्षा व्यवस्था, ऊर्जा बाजारों और अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानून को गहराई से प्रभावित किया है।24 … Read more
Russia-Ukraine War: Background, Causes, and Current Scenario 1. Introduction The Russia-Ukraine war is one of the most significant geopolitical conflicts of the 21st century, reshaping global politics, security alliances, energy markets, and international law. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war on 24 February 2022, when Russia launched a large military invasion of Ukraine, marking … Read more
National Clean Air Programme 2019: Goals, Implementation & Way Forward National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) 1. Introduction The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is a pan-India initiative launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019 to tackle the problem of air pollution in a comprehensive and time-bound manner. India … Read more
